The Great Mosque of Jogjakarta is the oldest mosque built by the Islamic Kingdom of Ngayogyokarto Hadiningrat or the Sultanate of Jogjakarta. The Gedhe Mosque was built after Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwana I finished building a new palace, as the center of the new government as a result of the Giyanti negotiations (13-February-1755). The Giyanti negotiations were the final resolution of the internal conflict of the Mataram Kingdom due to Dutch intervention, so that the Mataram Kingdom was split into two, namely Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat and Surakarta Hadiningrat.
Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwana I before becoming king, he was a devout Muslim who prayed, fasted and fasted Monday-Thursday. In addition, he is also courageous in doing armakruf-nahi-munkar to clean up disobedience, uphold justice and truth, and fight against colonialism. During the guerrilla war against the Dutch, he created strategic posts for his troops equipped with prayer rooms. Therefore, when Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwana I became king, in addition to building a palace he also prioritized building a jamik mosque, as a means of worshiping the king and his people. Thus, in 1773 AD, Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwana I succeeded in building a mosque which was given the initial name of the Gedhe Mosque, then the mosque was also known as the Great Mosque, and the Great Mosque, in the end it was designated as the Great Mosque of the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The location of the Gedhe Mosque is to the northwest of the Kraton Jogjakarta, also to the west of the Jogjakarta Square.
In order to prosper the Gedhe Mosque, the management is held by the Head of the Kraton, assisted by Ketib, Modin, Merbot, and Abdi Dalem Pamethakan and Abdi Dalem Kaji Selusan and Abdi Dalem Barjamangah. Some of them were placed in the neighborhood around the Gedhe Mosque, which later developed into a village called Pakauman (where the Kaum = Qoimmuddin = Religious Enforcers). Thus the Gedhe Mosque became prosperous, as a congregational center and also became a center for studies and Islamic religious courts in Jogjakarta.
This paper presents a brief history of the Gedhe Mosque, which also introduces various unique features and functions of one of the royal mosques in Java, Indonesia.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE GEDHE KAUMAN MOSQUE, JOGJAKARTA
The Gedhe Mosque in Jogjakarta is a series that cannot be separated from the Ngayogyokarto Hadiningrat Palace, which was founded by Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwana I Senopati ing Ngalogo Abdurrahman Sayidin Panatagama Kalifatullah ing Ngayogyokarto. The Great Mosque was founded on May 29, 1773 (in the inscription: On Sunday Wage, 6 Robiul'the end of Alip's year, sengkalan: "GAPURA TRUS WINAYANG JALMA" (1699 Jw.=1187 H=1773M). The initiator is the Sultan and Kyai Penghulu Faqih Ibrahim Diponingrat, while the famous architect at that time was Kyai Wiryokusumo.
Because the congregation was abundant, then in 1775 the Veranda of the Gedhe Mosque was built (founded on: Kliwon Thursday, 20 Shawwal in Jimawal, sinengkalan "YITNO WINDU RESI TUNGGAL" = 1701 Jw. Or "TUNGGAL WINDU PANDITO RATU" = 1701 Jw. = 1189 H = 1775 AD). The foyer of the Grand Mosque, apart from being used for prayer, also functions as "AL MAHKAMAH AL KABIROH", namely as a meeting of Alim Ulama, Islamic Da'wah Recitations, Courts for Courts of religious issues, marriage, divorce, and inheritance distribution. In addition, to commemorate the big days of Islam.
Besides the Veranda, "PAGONGAN" was also built (Pa = place, Gong = one of the Javanese Gamelan musical instruments), located in the mosque's courtyard, in two places, namely the left corner and the right corner of the courtyard. This place is used as a place for da'wah equipment with a cultural approach, namely Gamelan Sekaten, which is sounded at every commemoration of the Prophet Muhammad's Birthday. This Sekaten Gamelan musical instrument is very famous and has an attraction for people to know and then embrace Islam voluntarily. The name SEKATEN itself comes from the word "SYAHADATTAIN" which means two sentences of the creed.
In 1840 the REGOL MASJID was built, namely the gate known as GAPURO, derived from the word "ghofuro" for forgiveness of sins, while the meaning may be that if people enter the mosque through the Gapuro, with good intentions to enter Islam, they will get forgiveness of sins. The construction of this regol was carried out on Monday, the 23rd of Shuro in the year Dal, sengkalan “PANDITO NENEM SEBDO TUNGGAL” = 1767Jw.=1255 H = 1867 AD.
In 1867 in Jogjakarta there was a fairly powerful earthquake, the consequences of which included the collapse of the Serambi Masjid Gedhe building, and even brought victims including Kyai Pengulu who was in office at the time. The LINDU event or earthquake was recorded on the inscription, namely on Monday Wage, at 5 am, 7 Sapar in the year Ehe, sengkalan "REBAHING GAPURA SWARA TUNGGAL" = 1796 Jw. = "MURTI COLOR FORCED PROPHET" 1284 H = 1867 AD a long time later Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwana VI gave the royal palace "SURAMBI MUNARA AGUNG" which was originally to be used for the performance building, later placed as the Porch of the Gedhe Mosque. The installation according to the inscription is: on Thursday Kliwon, at 09 am, the 20th of Friday at the end of Jimawal year "PANDITA TRUS GIRI NATA" = 1797 Jw "GATI MURTI NEMBAH HING HYANG" = 1285 H = 1868 M. The porch of the new Grand Mosque is spacious twice as much as the previous porch that collapsed, the new porch is still intact to this day.
In 1917 the PAJAGAN building was built (Pa = place, Jaga = security guard), which is located on the right and left of the mosque regol, extending north and south. This building is used for Kraton Soldiers (Kraton soldiers), for mosque security and every Islamic day. During the Revolutionary Struggle to defend the Independence of the Republic of Indonesia, the Pajagan building was used as the center of the ASYKAR WAR SABIL Ulama Headquarters (MU-APS) which helped the TNI against Dutch Aggression.
In 1933 on the initiative of Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwana VIII, the floor of the mosque's foyer, which had been made of river stone, was replaced with beautiful flower tiles. In addition, the roof of the mosque was replaced, from shingle replaced with zinc wiron which is thicker and stronger. In 1936, at the initiative of Sultan Hamengku Buwana VIII, the ground floor of the mosque was replaced by marble from Italy.
At the time of the independence of the Republic of Indonesia, the Gedhe Mosque also received attention from the government, namely renovations and various forms of maintenance were carried out on an ongoing basis until now.
SPATIAL PLAN OF THE GEDHE KAUMAN MOSQUE, JOGJAKARTA
The Gedhe Kauman Mosque, Jogjakarta, has a traditional Javanese structure, that is, it has three overlapping roofs, with mustaka depicting kluwih and gadha leaves. The meaning of the overlapping roof is the stages of human life from Essence, Shari'ah, and Ma'rifat, then the meaning of kluwih leaves is Linuwih = having perfect advantages, and Gadha means singular = worshiping God Almighty, the overall meaning is when humans have until Ma'rifat, only worship to Allah SWT. Single (tawhid), then humans have the advantage of perfection of life. Thus, anyone who sincerely goes to the mosque to worship Allah, will be safe in the world and the hereafter.
1. Main Room
Is the core room of the mosque which is located on the highest floor as a space for prayer, especially rowatib. This core room is equipped with
- PANGIMAMAN (where the imam leads the prayer / MIHRAB)
- MAKSURA (place for securing the king's prayer) is located on the left and back of the mihrab, made of square teak wood, rib boxes, on the right and left there is a spear holder and inside has a marble floor higher than the outside. If the Sultan wishes to pray in congregation at the Great Mosque, he takes his place in the Maksura.
- The MIMBAR (where the preacher delivers Friday sermons), is located to the right behind the mihrab. The pulpit is made of teak wood and is decorated with beautiful carvings in the form of stylized ornaments of plants and flowers in golden prada. The authority of this pulpit is like a stepped throne.
- SHAF PRAYER, is the line that regulates the congregation of prayer so that it leads to the Qibla, and is straight and neat. At first the direction of prayer was straight to the west, but after the development of science, it turned out that the direction of the Qibla (Kaaba) was slightly tilted to the north, so KHA Dahlan pioneered the shof line towards the actual Qibla.
2. Pawestren is a special room for women's congregational prayers, located in the south of the main building of the mosque.
3. Yatihun is a special room for the rest of the scholars, preachers, and merbot. In addition, it is also used for deliberation to discuss religious issues. This place is on the north side of the mosque's core.
4. Blumbang (pool), at first the Great Mosque was equipped with a circular pool in front of the porch. This pool is approximately 8 . wide
meters, with a depth of 3 meters, which serves to purify and perform ablution before entering the mosque. But at this time the pool is just a decoration, which is only 2 meters wide, and only 0.75 meters deep in a circle in front of the foyer.
5. Porch (veranda) is located to the east of the main mosque building, as a place of prayer when the congregation in the core mosque is full. In addition, it is also used as a place for preaching, recitation, and functioned as the Al Kabiroh Court. If the main building of the mosque is not glamorous, the pillars are not painted, and there is very little decoration, while the serambut looks glamorous, all the pillars are painted, there are various decorations that are painted in colorful colors and gold plated. On the porch poles there are calligraphy "Ar Rahmaan" and "Muhammad" which embodies the stylized form of plants. The roof of the porch is in the form of a pyramid.
6. The fort of the mosque is a wall building around the mosque. The front of the fort is rather short, and each entrance to the mosque on the right and left is decorated with "Fruit Waluh" which means to say the name of Allah swt. So that you always remember Allah swt.
7. Pasucen is a sacred starting place, located extending to the east, in front of the center of the porch to the east (like a doorlop) opening to the regol. This is the main road for the Sultan to enter the Gedhe mosque.
8. Pagongan There are two buildings on the right and left of the courtyard of the Pagongan mosque where the Sekaten Gamelan is played every commemoration of the Prophet Muhammad's Birthday. Which was held by Sri Sultan with his people.
9. Pajagan is a place where palace soldiers guard the security of the mosque. This building is located along the left and right of the gate. At this time it is used as a mosque library and meeting place.
10. GAPURA ( REGOL) is the main gate to enter the mosque complex. The form of this gate is Semar Tinandu. Through this gate, the ulama Islamized the people who wanted to see and listen to the sound of the gamelan on the mosque plateran.
Great Mosque Kauman Jogjakarta Activities
- Routine activities every Friday for Friday prayers, the capacity of the mosque is now full, until outside the foyer.
- Recitation: 1. Special for Javanese (every day after dawn on Saturday)
- Tafsir Al Qur'an (every Sunday night)
- Mosque Youth (every Sunday morning)
- Between Maghrib & Isha '(every Friday night)
- Tafsir Yellow Book (every Saturday night)
- Islamic Holidays
- Ramadan: 1. Tarowih prayer twice, after Isha 'and before sahur
- Tadarus Al Qur'an and its translation
- Takjilan open together for 600 people every day
- iktikaf,
- Sunday Morning Study, and so on.
Sunnah.
